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Same rooftop, same TOPCon dominance, but the monofacial-bifacial choice behind it is anything but settled

Five questions to ask before selecting a module

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As TOPCon dominance gives way to a more differentiated market, Ignacio Espinosa of JA (formerly JA Solar) sets out what really separates one module from another.

The pv Europe video team, also on site for Energy Decentral 2026

Energy Decentral – the solar offensive reaches agriculture

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The Hanover trade fair, running from 10 to 13 November 2026 alongside EuroTier, will focus on the self-consumption of solar power by agricultural businesses and on agri-PV, with pv Europe's video team on site to take a look.

The conventional electrode's stripes give way to a few broad bands, full context below

Germany – a new Fraunhofer electrode design spans three battery chemistries

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The renowned institute has applied a new electrode architecture to lithium-ion, sodium-ion and zinc-ion battery cells, reporting energy density gains of 10 to 15 percent in each case.

The completed system on the health centre roof in Umag

Croatia – EU-backed solar rollout gathers pace on public sites

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Istria and Zadar counties are both rolling out rooftop solar on public buildings, from health centres and care homes to schools and cultural facilities, backed by a combined €2.59 million in county and EU funding.

Wanfei Qu (right) is Executive President at SKYWORTH Solar

SKYWORTH Solar: staying competitive through local value creation

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CEO Talk: As subsidies phase out, electricity prices turn negative and Europe reshapes its regulatory framework, the question now is who will remain competitive. We find out how SKYWORTH Solar is positioning itself for a new era in the European energy market.

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What is photovoltaics?

Photovoltaics (PV) refers to the generation of electrical energy from sunlight. At the heart of this process are the solar-active semiconductors known as solar cells, which capture sunlight and convert it directly into electricity.

From a technical standpoint, a PV system or solar installation functions as a generator. Here, individual solar cells are combined into a solar module, which is protected from the elements. These modules are then assembled into a larger solar generator, which can be mounted on rooftopsfaçadesopen ground or specially designed structures. The electricity generated is direct current (DC), which is converted into alternating current (AC) by an inverter. This AC power can be used directly on site or fed into the public grid via the building’s connection. The electricity is typically supplied to the local utility or grid operator.

Larger PV systems installed on open land are often called solar parks. These feed power into the grid via dedicated transformers and switchgear. In many countries special Acts and regulations govern remuneration for solar power, whether via feed-in tariffs or market premiums for direct sales to third parties.

Self-consumption can be increased by using solar power for heating waterroom heating, air conditioning or refrigeration. Battery storage systems help by storing surplus solar electricity for later use. These so-called solar batteries improve system reliability, especially when solar output dips.

Not all incoming sunlight is converted into electricity. The conversion rate depends on the intensity and wavelength of the incoming light spectrum. This ratio between usable electrical output and the maximum available solar radiation is known as efficiency.

The performance of a solar generator or storage system is defined by its output. When multiplied by the number of sunshine hours, this gives the solar yield – the amount of electricity generated per day, month or year. In addition to charging and discharging power, solar batteries are also rated by their capacity, or the amount of energy they can store. Power is measured in kilowatts (kW) or megawatts (MW), while energy and yield are expressed in kilowatt-hours (kWh) or megawatt-hours (MWh). (HS)