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The simpler the setup, the more modules find themselves leaving the premises

Solar Investors Guide #6 – Minimising risks

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Investing in solar parks, expansive rooftop systems and cutting-edge battery storage requires patience and a genuinely long-term outlook. Such projects are generally designed to run for twenty years or more, making it crucial to safeguard them against a broad spectrum of risks over their lifespan – an important issue that is still too often neglected.

Participants will get an overview of Croatia's regulatory framework for energy communities

Croatia's energy communities get a hands-on playbook

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ZEZ and partners bring the "Energy Communities in Practice" conference to Bol on 24 and 25 September, focused on setting up, financing and running shared solar installations.

Maximilian Schletter (right) is expert in mounting systems

SL Rack: fast and compliant mounting for every type of roof

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PV Guided Tours: Demands on mounting are rising, and manufacturers are responding with designs that meet rooftop regulations while still allowing rapid installation. Ludwig Maximilian Schletter of SL Rack demonstrates how it works.

Efstathios Sideris, Capalo AI's new Director for South-East Europe and President of the Foreign Investors Council (FIC) in Greece

"Aggregation is now essential to stabilise the system"

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Efstathios Sideris of Capalo AI explains how machine learning, local expertise and cross-border cooperation can reduce curtailment and unlock new revenue streams for renewable assets across the Balkans.

Combining vertical systems and conventional solar parks provides clear economic benefits

Vertical PV and existing solar parks: a case for overbuilding

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Next2Sun argues that combining south-facing and vertical installations can expand connected capacity by around 60 percent while cutting infrastructure costs and improving market returns.

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What is photovoltaics?

Photovoltaics (PV) refers to the generation of electrical energy from sunlight. At the heart of this process are the solar-active semiconductors known as solar cells, which capture sunlight and convert it directly into electricity.

From a technical standpoint, a PV system or solar installation functions as a generator. Here, individual solar cells are combined into a solar module, which is protected from the elements. These modules are then assembled into a larger solar generator, which can be mounted on rooftopsfaçadesopen ground or specially designed structures. The electricity generated is direct current (DC), which is converted into alternating current (AC) by an inverter. This AC power can be used directly on site or fed into the public grid via the building’s connection. The electricity is typically supplied to the local utility or grid operator.

Larger PV systems installed on open land are often called solar parks. These feed power into the grid via dedicated transformers and switchgear. In many countries special Acts and regulations govern remuneration for solar power, whether via feed-in tariffs or market premiums for direct sales to third parties.

Self-consumption can be increased by using solar power for heating waterroom heating, air conditioning or refrigeration. Battery storage systems help by storing surplus solar electricity for later use. These so-called solar batteries improve system reliability, especially when solar output dips.

Not all incoming sunlight is converted into electricity. The conversion rate depends on the intensity and wavelength of the incoming light spectrum. This ratio between usable electrical output and the maximum available solar radiation is known as efficiency.

The performance of a solar generator or storage system is defined by its output. When multiplied by the number of sunshine hours, this gives the solar yield – the amount of electricity generated per day, month or year. In addition to charging and discharging power, solar batteries are also rated by their capacity, or the amount of energy they can store. Power is measured in kilowatts (kW) or megawatts (MW), while energy and yield are expressed in kilowatt-hours (kWh) or megawatt-hours (MWh). (HS)